Uses of Job Description

Usefulness of Job Description 1. It Helps identify a job, distinguishing it from other jobs by its title. 2. It serves as a guide in employee recruitment, selection, and placement. 3. It establishes proper relationship between one job and the others within the same salary bracket. 4. It facilitates comparisons with similar jobs in other firms for purposes of wage surveys. 5. It serves as a guide in the organization and administration of a department, division, section, or unit. 6. It helps to form lines of promotion or transfer and to spot employees who need further training. . It contributes to the personal satisfaction of every individual employee with his job. Components of Job Design Job specialization Job expansion Psychological components Self-directed teams Motivation and incentive systems Ergonomics and work methods Job Specialization †¢ Involves o Breaking jobs into small component parts o Assigning specialists to do each part †¢ First noted by Adam Smith (1776) o Observed how workers in pin factory divided tasks into smaller components †¢ Found in manufacturing & service industriesJob Specialization Often Reduces Cost †¢ Greater dexterity & faster learning †¢ Less lost time changing jobs or tools †¢ Use more specialized tools †¢ Pay only for needed skills Job Expansion Process of adding more variety to jobs Intended to reduce boredom associated with labor specialization Methods o Job enlargement o Job enrichment o Job rotation o Employee empowerment Psychological Components of Job Design †¢ Individuals have values, attitudes, and emotions that affect job results o Example: Work is a social experience that affects belonging needs Effective worker behavior comes mostly from within the individual o Scientific management argued for external financial rewards †¢ First examined in ‘Hawthorne studies’ Self-Directed Teams Group of empowered individuals working together for a common goal May be organize d for short-term or long-term objectives Reasons for effectiveness o Provide employee empowerment o Provide core job characteristics o Meet psychological needs (e. g. , belonging) Motivation Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environmentMotivation is the set of forces that compel behavior Money may serve as a psychological & financial motivator Incentive systems o Measured daywork: Pay based on standard time o Piece rate: Pay based on pieces done Ergonomics and Work Methods Worker performance depends on o Motivation o Ability o Work environment Foundation laid by Frederick Taylor o Match employees to task o Develop work methods o Establish work standards Ergonomics Study of work Also called ‘human factors’ Involves human-machine interface Examples o Mouse o Keyboard

Reminiscences of the Japanese Occupation

In his seventies, Mr Rajoo is my uncle. He showed great enthusiasm and related his experience in Tamil during the 3 hours interview. His accounts shed light on the ways how individuals inject meanings to a particular subject. Background Mr Rajoo was born in 1930. He was the second son in a family of 10 children. His family lived in a village in Sembawang which was near to one of the Naval Base which was owned by the British. When the Japanese invaded Singapore, Rajoo’s family staying in North of Singapore then they moved as far as Tampinese. His family used a bullock cart to transport some of their properties.They stayed away from their home for a year. Then they returned to their village. So he had a chance to witness the Japanese rule in other parts of Singapore as well as his own hometown. The Dark Years of Japanese Occupation The impending presence of the Japanese on Mr Rajoo’s daily life was felt as early as 1941. As a 11 years old boy, his family and he faced seve re shortage of food and other necessities like medical. ( Q1 ) When the British surrendered, they did not want Japanese to enjoy the fruit of their labour. All the rice in the warehouse was sprayed with limestone.As limestone is white, the Japanese did not suspect any foul play by the British . So those who ate the rice had diarrhea . Japanese took over much of the foodstuffs and other goods for the use of their army. Due to the food shortage, essential food stuffs like rice, salt and sugar were controlled. Ration cards which limited the amount of food for each person was given out. ( Q4 ) His family lived on a simple diet and found other food substitutes for those food items which were scarce. Tapioca and sweet potatoes were used as substitutes for rice ( Q3 ) and palm oil or coconut oil was used as cooking oil.Even in schools pupils grew and took care of the vegetable plots. This was the widespread situation in Singapore during the Syonan-To years. Many historians have written abo ut the food scarcity during the Syonan rule. There are a lot of evidence to state that during the Japanese rule, many people suffered from malnutrition and diseases as they did not have well balanced meal. Those taken as prisoners of war also suffered under the iron grip of the Japanese and many died out of malnutrition. Transport during the Japanese reignMr Rajoo recalls bicycles being widely used as mode of transport during the Japanese reign. (Q6) So much so that even after the Japanese surrender, Rajoo and the other villagers working in the Sembawang Shipyard used bicycles as mearns of transport to travel to work. Tri-shaw which consisted of a bicycle with a side-car attached for a fare-paying passenger replaced the former richshaw. He stated that the Japanese bicycles had only thin solid rubber tyres. He also recalls in the interview to have seen a lot of motorcars before the Japanese rule and not during the Syonan-To period.Some historians state that there must have been tens of thousands of vehicles, many new and the majority of the rest in good condition were used by the Japanese. These great fleet of transport fell to the Japanese as booty, when they captured Singapore. However, the lack of spare parts, or technical skill, or both, made the fleet diminish rapidly to a deplorable state so much so that it almost faded by the time the Japanese surrendered. Transport was a big problem for the local people tthroughout the Occupation. (1) The Japanese were in control of the world’s rubber and many oil fields. 2) They forced many motor vehicles to run on coal gases or inferior petrol made from vegetable sources. Public vehicles dwindled and cars ceased to be available for almost all other than Japanese. School Experiences Mr Rajoo recalled how he had to learn Japanese language in his school. He could still recall some Japanese sentences. ( Q5 ) It is remarkable to know that even after 60 years he is able to remember some Japanese sentences. (Q5) All t his had been instilled in the young minds at a very tender impressionable age to gain people’s allegiance .School children were taught to face the direction of Tokyo where the Japan Emperor resided and sing the Japanese Anthem. (Q5 ) So the Japanese tried to influence the school children to become patriotic towards Japan. This is another aspect of their rule where they tried out propagandas. Several historians have concurred the same evidence regarding the Japanese intention to remove the western influence and premote the Japanese culture and values. Japanese lessons were published in the newspapers and broadcast over the radio. In order to encourage people to learn the Japanese language, job privileges and extra allowances were given.Different methods were used to influence the minds of the people in Singapore. Radio stations were controlled by the Japanese and radio sets were sealed so that people could only listen to local broadcasts. Those caught tuning in to foreign broa dcasting stations were severely punished or killed. Through the interview, I realized that Rajoo’s family and the villagers also did not own any radios. They were afraid of being punished. Japanese – The Disciplinarians Tthroughout the Syonan-To rule, the people were constantly living in fear because the Japanese took harsh action to establish control over the people.Those caught looting were shot or beheaded and their heads were displayed at public places. Those who were passing by must witness such a scene if not they will be called back to look directly at the decapitated head. ( Q8 ) Barbed wire was also put up across roads to form roadblocks. The Japanese guards would make the people passing by to bow to them as a sign of respect. Anyone who did not do so would be slapped, killed or punished in some ways. When the children forget to show respect to the Japanese soldiers, these soldiers will use their knuckles to hit on the children’s forehead .Those sthrong men found at home not working will be immediately sent to work. ( Q8 ) Those who were sick should still report to work. They despised men idling. The Japanese Treatment of the 3 main races in Singapore According Mr Rajoo the Chinese suffered the most during the Japanese Occupation. Many Chinese in Singapore had sent money to help China fight Japan. So the Japanese wanted to weed out the anti-Japanese sentiment among the population. They carried out the Sook Ching Operation. They ordered all Chinese men between 18 to 50 years of age to report at the mass screening centers. Then the men will be questioned.The Japanese, however, had no proper way of finding out who were against them. Those who the Japanese thought were against them were taken away in lorries. Thousands of Chinese were taken in this way to Changi Beach or other beaches where they were shot. ( Q7 ) Some Chinese who very desperate to save their lives disguised themselves as Indians or Malays to avoid the scrutiny of the Japanese soldiers. Mr Rajoo recalled that Japanese were not overly suspicious of Indians nor the Malays. However, anybody who were thought to have acted against the Japanese interest were severely dealt with.They will be either punished or killed. (Q7) Japanese role in instigating nationalistic feeling According to Mr Rajoo, the Japanese associated Indians in Singapore with Gandhi and his movement in India. Gandhi was fighting for India’s freedom from the British Colonial power. Japanese told the Indians in Singapore that Japan would help India to get rid of the British rulers. They also wanted all Indians to join the Indian National Army to fight the British in India. Subhas Chandra Bose, the founder of INA was allowed to come to Singapore to collect funds for his establishment.Historical facts also seemed to prove the relevance of his statement. From the interview, Mr Rajoo didn’t portray as someone anti-Japanese. Probably his family and he did not really undergo muc h torture by the Japanese. He definitely seemed to have welcomed the Japanese for one reason. The Light of the South From the interview one would deduce that Mr Rajoo sthrongly feels that the Japanese brought on the nationalistic fervor among the citizens. ( Q9 ) Nationalistic feeling caught onto some people like the forest fire and the thirst for independence was ignited due to Syonan-To.

Age Constraints on Second-Language Acquisition

Age Constraints on Second-Language Acquisition Introduction: The main topic of this study is to see if the age in which a child immigrates to America has any affect on their relationship with English. The authors tested native Korean speakers, all of whom moved to the United States at various ages on their understanding of English syntax and phonology. They were testing them to see if the critical period hypothesis stands. The critical period hypothesis rests on the belief that as a person matures, their brain begins to become lessÂÂ   plastic, and as the brain loses neural plasticity, it also loses its second language learning ability.ÂÂ   (Scovel, 1988; Patkowski, 1980, 1990). However, others believe that second language learning ability is related to how often the second language is actually implemented into conversations (Oyama, 1979; Flege, 1987, 1988, 1995, 1998b; Bialystok, 1997). The authors are trying to see which of these two theories are valid; the maturational theory or the interactive theory. While bot h theories have yielded supporting evidence, there is not enough data to know which theory is more valid. Also, it is difficult to test the critical period theory because there can be multiple factors contributing to why a child is unable to acquire language past a certain age. The authors hypothesis is that age of arrival does have an affect on the relationship they will have with English as their second language. Methods: The authors tested 240 native Korean speakers. All of these people had immigrated to America between the ages of 1 and 3, and had lived in America for at least 8 years. Their age at the time of testing ranged from 17 to 47 years old. There were also 24 native English speakers in the study, and their ages ranged from 20-45. They used the discontinuity theory for this study. The discontinuity theory is the idea that development occurs in a series of distinct stages rather than gradually in a continuous process. The participants were split into 10 groups based o n their age of arrival to the United States. Most of the participants completed high school in the United States, and many also went on to higher education in the US as well. Participants were tested on an individual basis by bilingual Korean-English research assistants in an hour and a half study session. The participants were asked to repeat English sentences that were later examined by 22.05 kHz where they were normalized for peak intensity. They were thenÂÂ   judged by native English speakers for degree of foreign accent by having them rate the sentences on a scale 1-9 from strong foreign accent to no accent. Now to test their morphosyntax, the participants were asked to take a 144 item grammaticality judgement test. In the test, they had a recording of a man speaking both grammatical and ungrammatical sentences, and the participants had to judge which were grammatical, and which were not. These were the two methods used to test if age of arrival had any effect on the relat ionship of learning English as a second language. Discussion: The aim of this study was to see if the age in which a person moved to the United States had any impact on their relationship with learning English as a second language. In the study, the authors tested 240 Native Korean speakers to see if their age of arrival affected the way they learned English as their second language. They were tested on their phonology by examining their accent for degree of foreign accent as well as their understanding of English morphology by having the participants take a 144 item grammaticality judgment test. The results showed that age of arrival had more of an impact on the participants morphosyntactic understanding compared to their phonological understanding. Based off the data, we could conclude that age of arrival definitely affects a persons relationship with learning English as a second language. This finding definitely supports the idea that a critical period exists when it comes to learning a second language. One problem with the study is that it does not explain why morphosyntactic understanding was affected more than phonological understanding. There could be a number of reasons contributing to this, and it is still unknown exactly why this is the case. I think that this study really helped to prove that there is a correlation between the age of arrival and ability to pick up a second language. However, more research needs to be conducted in order to understand exactly what factors are causing difficulties to arise in being able to learn a second language after a certain age. Also, more research could be done to find out exactly what age it is that second language learning ability starts to decrease. References: Flege, J. E., Yeni-Komshian, G. H., & Liu, S. (1999). Age Constraints on Second-Language Acquisition. Journal of Memory and Language , 41, 78-104

History of economic thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

History of economic thought - Essay Example Agricultural production also required the bigger number of workers if pursued in a highly organized manner, on a countrywide scale. Adam Smith (1776) in his The Wealth of Nations noted that it was this misconceived plan for economic development in Europe, which could have been initiated by private interests, that gave rise to widely divergent theories and schools of economic thought. Questions on the validity of an old development strategy became parent to new economic ideas and theories. Over time, these divergent ideas clashed on the multiple facets and problems of economic activity - labor, employment, capital, wages, production. But these conflicting views remarkably coincide on one bottomline: the need to distribute wealth equitably. Such is the case with the theses of Smith, Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes, three intellectuals who tinkered with economic law and sought to bring it into accord with the rapidly changing workplace. The three lived and worked a full century apart from each other but all three saw the same ineffectuality of economic systems everywhere to let the proceeds of industry and the land flow to the working class. Smith published his The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Marx came up with his Capital: A Critique of the Political Economy in 1867 which appeared to have been undertaken to refute Smith's views. Keynes followed with his The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in 1936 which drew its own conclusions based on the two theories set forth by Smith and Marx.Smith represented the classical economist who looked up to the precept of laissez-faire, which believes that the economy works best when you leave it alone and just let the market forces work out solutions to such problems as uneven distribution of wealth. Marx stood at the opposite pole, the chief proponent of the classless society which calls for state interventions in the marketplace. Keynes was somewhere in between, moderating the two extreme views on how to ameliorate the conditions of the laboring class. Incidentally, both Marx and Keynes agreed that prolonged and persistent failure to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor is likely to cause social upheavals, even armed revolutions. Their views differed on everything else. In their times, Smith, Marx and Keynes saw and described the disfranchisement of the lowly workers and peasants in almost the same manner. Smith, quoting someone else, observed that "150 landlords own half of England while 12 controlled half of Scotland's soil." Marx: "The wealth of nation flows into a few people's pockets." Keynes shared that sentiment and added that this income disparity is especially pronounced in prosperous countries. He said: "This is the paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty - the richer the community, the wider the gap between its potential and actual production, thus the more obvious and outrageous the effects of the economic system (on the poor)." Smith Economics The whole purpose of Smith's thesis was to improve the conditions of the lower ranks of people - the servants, workmen, laborers. Said he: "No society can flourish and be happy if the greater part

Ontario Government's Energy Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ontario Government's Energy Policy - Essay Example On the other hand, hydroelectricity which depends on the water for production of power has been affected by the chaining volume of water due to the changing climate. This has prompted many countries to look for alternative sources of power to satisfy their energy demand. Notable nuclear power and other renewable sources like wind and solar energy are slowly being accepted in the world as alternative sources of reliable and environmental friendly energy. Canada has a long history of electricity planning can be traced to the 1906 Ontario public electricity utility. Ontario Hydro Electric Commission in 1925 which was later renamed Ontario Hydro construction one of the largest hydroelectric power plant in Queesnton Chippawa. This power plant was able to meet the electricity power demand for the country until the post war economic expansion period from 1950s. However there was constant expansion of the hydroelectricity power utility to match the rising demand. For the entire period, electricity as coming from the hydroelectric power which was made up of many smaller systems and therefore it was easy to manage However, as the post war economy expanded, the country started facing power shortages and there were management problems in the efficiency of the existing hydroelectric power plants. ... his period there were about twenty power reactors which were launched situated at Pickering where there were 8 reactors, Bruce where there were 8 reactors, and at Darlington where there were 4 reactors. This means that there were more efforts towards the production of efficient power for the energy efficiency of the country. During the same period, the power corporation Act requested Ontario Hydro which had been renamed HEPCO in 1972 to draw upon plans which would enable it to provide "power at cost". This was soon to rise to the culture of the country. The unit was not then expected to pay tax and in return it was not expected to generate profits. It was to provide affordable power to the people. In 1989, Ontario Hydro then come up with Demand and supply Plan (DSP) reports which was dubbed "Providing the Balance of Power". This plan was expected to fill the power gap by building more nuclear and coal-fired power generation plants. However this was then subjected to Environment Assessment Act in 1992. This study will look into the environment assessment impact of the project to determine its viability. The paper will look at the role that nuclear power can play to ensure that it addresses the power demands in the region. The study will look at the energy plan and other related matter like safety, efficiency, cost and the overall impact on the environment to understand if this is the real path that Ontario should follow. Aim of the research There are a number of countries which have adopted the use of nuclear energy as source of power to achieve energy efficiency. However there have been mixed results from the efficiency in the use of nuclear power with argument of the overall high cost of maintenance, security threats, enrichment to produce nuclear weapons,

Good Intentions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good Intentions - Essay Example To impose themselves as volunteers in villages in Latin America where they do not understand anything is sheer hypocrisy displayed by the Americans. In fact, charity should begin at home but that is not the case with these volunteers who want to associate with their kith and kin who belong to the middle class not the poor at all. Illich argues that North American volunteers in Latin America are there as a result of the quest to invade Mexico under the guise of benevolent gestures. In actual fact, the volunteers in Latin America are there to create â€Å"social disorder† as aptly put by the author. Once this social disorder has been created, the targeted audiences would tend to view themselves in light of the ideals that have been disseminated to them by the people who have been working as volunteers. The intention is good but unethical at the same time given that there is a hidden agenda behind the whole initiative that is destructive to other nations. The volunteers want to seduce the people they purport to help to share the same ideals of America that based on affluence and education. In other words, the volunteers want to impart a lifestyle full of American ideals to people who obviously cannot match the standards. These people are better off if they follow their usual way of life. In other words, the good intentions of the volunteers amount to dominance of other countries. The US wants other people to believe that there is â€Å"heaven on earth† through their policies across the globe. To a larger extent, I strongly agree with Illich because most of the volunteers who operate in poor areas have a hidden agenda. First and foremost, they would be concerned with imparting their values and ideals on weaker nations. This would put them in a position to dominate these nations that are poor. It can be seen that these volunteer groups have good intentions but upon a closer

Business Requirement Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Requirement Analysis - Essay Example Running business is not only keeping organization’s website on Internet and driving it simply; It has a full modus operandi that shows the business to consumer; compel them to make business to hat organization, upgrading the site as required, etc. Tamba Internet (1994 - 2007), clearly says in their website â€Å"All successful e-commerce sites follow two vital rules: Goods are clearly and attractively displayed for maximum visual impact; and the customer experience is simple and pleasurable.† Following are few major points that should be kept in mind while transferring your website on air. ï‚ § Consumers are busy ï‚ § Life is boring and dull ï‚ § Price Matters ï‚ § Needs are only resource to compel consumer to buy ï‚ § Competition i.e., Number of same products in the market ï‚ § Internet Bandwidth ï‚ § Consumer information is a private mania ï‚ § Money is what organization wants to earn ï‚ § Government Laws of the country ï‚ § Different Languages around the globe If above mentioned points are prolonged; it is being said that to every point there is a reason and these reasons can allow the designer to design an eye-catching business websites. Consumers are busy: Keeping this idea in mind leads the designer to design a business website that takes no time to acknowledge the consumer about the business and products the company deals in This can be done by placing more pictures and less easy text. The website should be in a manner for the viewer that one can gets to latest updates immediately. Life is boring and dull: This idea may leads to make the website using decent but eye-catching. Obviously, business sites are for mature beings and they don't prefer the bright and funky colors. To make it more attractive a light audio can be added. Some flash videos for advertisements of the own business products. Price Matters: Expensive products are only seems good if they are known to be designer products. But if to make the e-commerce works best for the business, prices should be in the range when people from middle class family can also afford them with the taxes and delivery charges. In the globe around, no doubt people have money to buy things that give them comfort but those people are less and people buying products when needed are more. Needs are only resource to compel consumer to buy: Wishes and needs make the consumer buy the product. So to achieve good e-commerce, the site must be full of attractive text and images. Product profile must have words that realize the consumer that this product is the only thing he/she requires. Competition i.e., Number of same products in the market: Competition makes e-commerce tougher as consumers instead of shop online prefer to go to market and look different products of the same kind at same place and choose the one best fits to their pockets and needs. Though to make the place in the market, Advertisements should be strong and price should be fixed and competitive to other products in the market. Internet Bandwidth: To provide the e-commerce business site to all standard of consumers, web site designers should take care that they don't upload heavy flash video etc. that takes time to load on a simple dial up Internet browsers. As all Internet don't provide good bandwidth and due to this reason many consumers may escape. Moreover, sometimes loading of heavy material takes time which consumer is always short of

Appeal admission letter to ucsd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Appeal admission letter to ucsd - Essay Example I play tennis in the Tennis Junior Varsity Team. I play the saxophone in the Marching Band and the violin in the Orchestra. As you will have noticed, I am not only a dedicated and responsible person in my academic work, but I am also a musician, an athlete, involved in community work, and I am environmentally versed and active. This is the reason why I am applying to UCSD. Having an Environmental Science major, a Marching Band, an Orchestra, and tennis teams will give me the opportunity to continue to excel in those areas that I am already active in and it will help me to achieve my goals and objectives by being part of your campus. I am a studious person. I start and finish tasks before or on their due dates. I work independently and as a team member. I have assumed leadership roles. I am multi-tasks disciplined and I am successful being involved in all of my tasks. I would like to be involved in assisting your faculty that is conducting research in any of these areas: global warming; shortage of power; and/or, environmental pollution. I hope that the University of California in San Diego sees in me as a successful student that will fulfill his/her (identify your gender) baccalaureate. I hope that you give me the opportunity to become part of your alumni association as my

Sexual prosperity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexual prosperity - Essay Example Kung and the Mehinaku and our own practice of sexuality is the age at which children are exposed to sexuality. As a base approximation, it is fair to say that our society shields children from sexuality the most, followed by the !Kung and finally by the Mehinaku, who have very few qualms with their children experiencing sexuality. In the !Kung society, parents do make an effort to avoid exposing their children to sexuality overly much, often by waiting for their children to fall asleep to have sex or else trying to go off somewhere private whilst their children are cared for by someone else (Shostak 95). They also, however, make frequent sexual jokes and experience sexuality as a integral part of their humor, meaning that children will certainly become curious about sexuality and try to crack the code of their parent’s sexual language. The Mehinaku take this to an even greater extreme, tacitly allowing their children to experiment sexually with each other in games of â€Å"ho use,† and doing very little to shield their children from sexual congress, allowing their children to â€Å"watch older kin† when they are engaging in sexual activity together (Gregor 142). One of the primary reasons for this openness about sexuality with children in both these societies, compared to the relatively closed western society, is privacy. Shielding children from sexual activity is simply an impossibility in small, tight-knit communities like the !Kung (who live in villages of around thirty people (Shostak 98), or the Mehinaku, whose entire population consists only of a few hundred people. Furthermore neither society places significant value on virginity, as openly stated by Shostak (98), while premarital sex is freely accepted by the Mehinaku (Gregor 143). One of the other main differences between sexuality in these two societies and our own is sexual contact outside of marriage. While sexual contact outside of marriage is present in all three societies, in ours it is considered incredibly taboo in our society, with public disclosure often ending a marriage. This stands in stark contrast to extramarital affairs in the !Kung and Mehinaku societies, which, while ostensibly not allowed are incredibly common and tacitly accepted if they are subtle enough. In !Kung society, affairs outside of marriage are relatively common, but â€Å"not openly condoned† so it is important that the lovers know how to â€Å"play by the rules† when engaging in extramarital affairs (Shostak 118). If this is done, then usually affairs are relatively permitted. Jealousy still exists in !Kung society, and young married couples may actually come to blows over extramarital affairs, but as people mature it becomes more and more important to be discreet and keep things out of the public eye, meaning that often even when an extramarital affair is suspected or known it will be ignored or dealt with stealthily. Mehinaku society has a similar tendency to al low extramarital affairs so long as the couple are sensible enough to be discreet (Gregor 147). It could be argued, however, that our society is actually very similar to these two in the acceptance of extramarital affairs, seeing how public they have become (eg. Bill Clinton) and how often they are portrayed and tacitly accepted in media. The Mehinaku and the !Kung both have drastically different expectations of their children’

Writing a Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing a Business Plan - Essay Example The cell phones will be widely used by all members and for all purposes of communication as they will have been tested by the relevant authorities to ensure that they do not pose health problems to the users. The plan of starting up a cell phone recycling company was occasioned by the recent developments reported by the United Nations with regards to endangered species in various parts of the world caused by human activities conducted to encourage the production of cell phones. The cell phones produced by the company will cater for average citizens who spend heavily in purchasing phones yearly. The cell phones will tremendously help them to cut their expenses in purchasing phones while at the same time conserving the environment. Secondly, the cell phones will also cater for underprivileged individuals as they will obtain them at an affordable cost The main competitors will be other companies dealing in the same line of cell phone recycling. However, the company will have a competitive advantage over them because of highly trained staffs, more financial incentives and providing customers with a means of mailing or transporting their used cell phones and electronics within the company’s premises free of charge. The cell phones will be extremely effective as they will have the latest technology updates. The shape of the design will be different from those of existing cell phones to give it uniqueness over other phones. The cell phones will also be developed within months and will be launched in the markets in six months time by a team of highly trained engineers with a specialty in different fields. The main source of revenue for the company will be from the sales of the cell phones. It will also involve the donations given to the company by Non-governmental organizations and other well wishers keen on conserving the environment. The prices for the cell phone will be cheaper compared

Marine Bio Essay Example for Free

Marine Bio Essay You can determine the turtle’s species by the upper shell brown/reddish brown color, the lower shell creamy/yellow color, body skin brown/yellow color, the rusty brown scales on their head, and the weight and length of the turtle varying from 77-227 kilograms and 1. 2 meters. b) You can determine the sex by many features. The turtle’s sexual maturity isn’t achieved until they are 15-20 years old. Adult males have longer tails and are much larger than adult females. A pair breads at sea and the female come to shore to nest her eggs. Loggerheads nest from April to July. Usually, there can be 105-120 eggs laid in a clutch. Single females of the species can have many clutches during a season. Some nest every year, whereas others alternate years. The incubation period can last from 55 -60 days. Like most sea turtles, they nest at night. c) The age of a sea turtle is determined by growth of in length and weight gain. d) Loggerheads also bury themselves in the mud during winter months. 2. The most common reasons turtles become sick or injured in Florida are because lights on coastal highways and housing developments disorient the hatchlings often causing them to move away from the water and be killed by automobiles or predators. 3. The specific type of turtle rescued was The Loggerhead Sea Turtle or â€Å"Loggerhead† 4. The type of food we will need to feed the rescued turtle is a variety of crabs, jellyfish, shellfish, and sponges. 5. This species needs to stay around fresh-water for means of drinking and stay at seas for breading (if more than one is in rehabilitation). 6. The rehabilitation area should be kept at a warm temperature and should be no smaller than 39ft.

The Rise and Fall of bin Laden, or a Dissent into Cyber-terrorism Essay Example for Free

The Rise and Fall of bin Laden, or a Dissent into Cyber-terrorism Essay Osama bin Muhammad bin ‘Awad bin Laden, best known as Osama bin Laden in the west, is a militant Islamist and the reported founder of the terrorist organization known as al-Qaeda. He stepped on to the global arena in 2001 with his broadcasts on Al Jazeera in direct relation to the September 11th attacks. Since then his faction has had a downfall through the western war on terror, but it is widely believed that this is only a ploy, and that al-Qaeda, along with many other radical Muslim groups are planning to continue their reign of terror on the net. The media has deemed the term for this cyberterrorism, and it is the current threat Osama is expected to pose, but some argue that this is merely western propaganda. Bin Laden has been described as a tall and thin man by the FBI. He is said to be between 6’4’’ and 6’6’’ (193-198cm) in height and weighing about 165 pounds. Left-handed with an olive complexion, he usually walks with a cane, and wears a white turban. He is considered to have a mild mannered temperament and to be very soft spoken. He is thought to only be able to speak Arabic. Never the less, he is believed to be the leader and founder of one of the most heinously acting terrorist groups, known as Al Qaeda Osama was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Al Jazeera referenced his birthday as being March 10, 1957. Osama is a member of the prestigious bin Laden family. His father Muhammed Awd bin Laden had known ties to the Saudi royal family, as well as a prominent business. His father, poor and uneducated before World War I, he immigrated from Hadhramaut to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It was here, where he began to work as a porter. In 1930, Muhammed started his own business; he built his fortune as a building contractor for the Saudi royal family during the 1950’s. It is estimated that Muhammed bin Laden has as many as 55 sons, of which Osama is assumed to be his seventeenth son, but the only from his tenth wife. This led to an upbringing that kept him unfamiliar with his father. Bin Laden attended the secular Al-Thager Model secondary school from 1968 to 1976 where he was raised as a devout Sunni Muslim. The largest denomination of Islam, Sunni Muslims are also refered to as Ahlus Sunnah wal-Jamaa’h which basically means people of the example, or of Muhammad. As a result of King Faisal welcoming exiled teachers from Syria, Egypt and Jordan to Saudi Arabia in the 60’s, it was not too uncommon for members of the Muslim Brotherhood to be found teaching at Saudi schools and universities. During this time, Osama is believed to have been influenced by many of the teachings promoted by these exiles. It is also thought that Osama might have studied economics and business administration at King Abdulaziz University, and that he might have earned a degree in civil engineering in 1979. He is also said to never have graduated from college. Whatever his collegiate experience entails, it is now known that he spent the last 30 years since his college days contributing to the growth of the Muslim Brotherhood known as al-Qaeda, which performed its first military act in 1994. The Talibans first large military operation took place in October 1994 when it seized the Pasha munitions depot and the town of Spin Boldak on the Pakistani border, held at the time by Hizb-i Islami commanders. The capture of the arms dump provided them with an enormous quantity of military materiel, including rockets, ammunition, artillery, and small arms. Green, 2002) These attacks were the beginning of Osama’s reign. Later he would lead al-Qaeda to what they would deem to be the greatest statement of their western disapproval. Osama grew notorious through Al Jazeera, which gained its fame following the September 11th attacks, when the network broadcasted video statements by Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda. Al Jazeera, which in Arabic means The Island is a television network headquarters located in Doha, Qatar. The networks satellite capabilities enabled it to change the social landscape of the Middle East. Prior to its emergence, Middle Eastern citizens were only able to watch TV channels of stat-censored national stations. Al Jazeera introduced an unprecedented level of freedom of speech for most countries. On September 11th, 2001 Al Jazeera gained worldwide recognition with its broadcasts of al-Qaeda. Osama bin Laden gained an unprecedented level of global familiarity as well. The western fear of terrorism can entirely be credited as a product of his hate, which has complicated the western perception of rightful civil liberty. In her article Al Qaeda, Terrorism, and Military Comissions, Ruth Wedgwood proves that though most American citizens consider terrorism to be a federal and national problem, it is very much a local one. Al Qaeda’s published doctrine maintains that there are no innocent civilians in Western society (Wedgwood, 2002)†¦ She later goes on to analyze the psychological foundation they use to form their tenet and she says †¦this tenet leads it to the gravest of international crime (Wedgwood, 2002). Despite the fear bin Laden has been able to instill in the American people, there are many rumors that his financial backing is not as strong as it was in 2001. This could be the mark of his downfall, or just a shift in the types of terrorist acts al-Qaeda performs. The attacks on 9/11 and the ideology of the Taliban adhere to the power inherent in fear, and exploiting fear is not always a costly venture. The twin towers, the White House and the Pentagon are all symbols of American security and their presence provides a certain level of comfort for our society. Though security officials are trained to counter attacks on our civilization, there was a false faith formed over time that attacks such as 9/11 were inconceivable, nor possible to carryout. Now our country has grown impervious to this type of thought. Western civilization has waged war on the Jihad; securities are enhanced, and we are less likely to be vulnerable to the same form of attacks. Even still, western as well as eastern societies still have a major vulnerability that can exploited through the internet. In his Washington Post article Consultant Hacks FBI’s Computer System Martin H. Bosworth reports on an outside consultant hired by the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) who breached the agency’s computer network and gained access to over 38,000 employee’s passwords. The hacker, known as Joseph Colon claimed he used run-of-the-mill hacker techniques that can be easily found on the internet. He gained access to such information as the Witness Protection Program, but can this be defined as terrorism? The United States Department of State defines terrorism as premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents (Gordon, 2003). This interpretation of terrorism becomes a very vague one when the internet is merged with this definition. The product of the two is cyberterrorism, but their have been a wide range of definitions posed since the terms advent in the 1980’s by Barry Collins (Gordon, 2003). Dorothy Denning is a computer science professor at Georgetown University, and one of the country’s foremost respected cyber-security experts. Her views are referred to numerous times in more than a few articles reviewed in this paper. In Denning’s Testimony before the Special Oversight Panel on Terrorism, the most widely cited paper on Cyberterrorism, she defines the term as an act carried out on the internet with the intention to do major, or significant damage to society, the likes of which would impede the process of a community’s civil liberty (Denning, 2000). Denning’s definition is very clarifying because it identifies the difference between a cyberterrorist and a hacker. Where a cyberterrorist acts with the intent of severely impacting the economy or civil morale of the country, a hacker merely causes nonessential or at the most costly damage. For every publication produced that argues cyber-terrorism is a major threat, there is another arguing that it is a hoax. Many of these authors who hold this position argue it is a form of presidential propaganda. In his article, Cyberterrorism: There are many ways terrorists can kill you—computers aren’t one of them, Joshua Green argues that the Bush administration’s infatuation with preaching the dangers of cyberterrorism is one that has become a pattern since September 11th. None are more exemplary of exploiting the public’s misunderstanding of the term, along with their fears, than Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge, which Green proves with this quote by Ridge: Terrorists can sit at one computer connected to one network and can create worldwide havoc, warned Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge in a representative observation last April. [They] dont necessarily need a bomb or explosives to cripple a sector of the economy, or shut down a power grid. (Green, 2002) Green further points out that Ridge’s propaganda is not without merit considering that a survey of 725 cities conducted by the National League of Cities for the Anniversary of the 9/11 attacks s howed that cyberterrorism ranked with biological and chemical weapons at the top of a list made by officials of the single most feared threats (2002). Despite this, it must be remembered that Green’s article was published in The Washington Monthly a little more than a year after the 9/11 attacks. At this particular point information was scarce and Bush’s scare tactics were still at the height of their influence; and yet, Green has enough sense to question the motives behind those who use cyberterrorism as a way to instill fear in the fear in the American public. Green points out that the federal government requested $4. 5 billion in cyber investigative security; Bush appointed Richard Clarke to his created position of cybersecurity czar assigning him an office in the White House, and The Washington Post developed a habit of publishing first page headlines like: Cyber-Attacks by Al Qaeda Feared, Terrorists at Threshold of Using Internet as Tool of Bloodshed, Experts Say (Green, 2002). Green recognizes that all of these actions would be reasonable responses to an actual looming threat, but they fail to muster any sort of rationale considering that, as he states, there is no such thing as cyberterrorismno instance of anyone ever having been killed by a terrorist (or anyone else) using a computer (2002). In sum, despite the lack of proof of the potential threat which cyber terrorism poses. It is agreed by most political and military analysts that al-Qaeda’s next step is in the cyber arena. Never the less, this could also be deemed as a sign of bin Laden’s downfall. There are many rumors that al-Qeada lacks the same sufficient funding they had in 2001, that Osama has grown broke, and that the Jihad will eventually be a distant memory. If this is true, the internet would make for a more affordable method of terrorist attacks. These arguments will potentially prove foolish if bin Laden finds a way to continue his terror through the web. The potential for more tragedy is at the finger tips of al-Qeada literally and figuratively.

Comparison of Nursing Theories

Comparison of Nursing Theories Jessica N. Baker The grand nursing theories are too abstract to effectively guide practice, but they can provide a world view. Middle range theories, on the other hand, are less abstract, but are more easily linked to practice. Compare and contrast these two types of theory and how they can be used to inform ANP practice using one grand theory and one middle range theory as examples. Nursing theories are organized frameworks of concepts and purposes to guide nursing practice (Risjord, 2010). Two types of nursing theories are grand nursing theories and middle range nursing theories. Grand nursing theories encompass all aspects of the human experience and allow for general application whereas middle range theories are less abstract and are more specific (McKenna Slevin, 2008). Although there are similarities and differences between grand nursing theories and middle range theories both types of theories can prove to be useful when informing advanced nursing practice (McCrae, 2012). Grand nursing theories are broad in scope and relate to larger areas of nursing such as promotion of health for all individuals in a society (Powers Knapp, 2011). Although broad and non-specific, grand nursing theories provide several implications for advanced practice nursing. It is widely known that healthcare is constantly becoming more complex at an exponential rate. Because of rapidly increasing complexities the abstract nature of grand theories can be useful for complex phenomena relevant to nursing such as aging populations and complex disease states (Florczak, Poradzisz, Hampson, 2012). Grand theories can highlight the complexities of these and other complex issues concerning for advanced practice nursing in a global society (Im Ju-Chang, 2012). By using grand theories the advanced practice nurse can view each client both as an individual as well a part of larger systems (Florczak, Poradzisz, Hampson). One grand theory that can be used to guide advanced nursing practice is Neuman’s systems model. This theory uses prevention as the basis for health promotion and it provides a holistic and comprehensive approach to maximizing client health by focusing on stressors that influence the relationship between the client and the environment (Florczak, Poradzisz, Hampson, 2012). The environment is comprised of five interrelated biological, mental, environmental, social, and spiritual variables (Neuman Fawcett, 2012). The role of the nurse is to retain stability in the client-environment relationship through three levels of prevention (Florczak, Poradzisz, Hampson). These include primary prevention that occurs before the client experiences a reaction to a stressor, secondary prevention that occurs after the client experiences a reaction to a stressor, and tertiary prevention that occurs after the client has been treated through secondary prevention methods (Skalski, DiGerolamo, Gig lotti, 2006). Using Neuman’s systems model the advanced practice nurse can clearly identify appropriate interventions at different stages of disease processes (Lee, 2014). By discussing the five environmental variables with patients, partnerships can be created to mutually create goals (Skalski, DiGerolamo, Giglotti, 2006). The advanced practice nurse can also promote prevention through client education and counseling (Neuman Fawcett, 2012). Like grand nursing theories, middle range theories provide several implications for advanced practice nursing. Middle range theories can be described as the link connecting research and practice (Fawcett Garity, 2009). Middle range theories can be descriptive, explanatory, or predictive and each plays a role in informing and guiding advanced nursing practice (Fawcett, 2005). When compared to grand nursing theories, middle range theories have a narrower scope, greater levels of specificity, and greater ease of concept application (Powers Knapp, 2011). A middle range theory that influences advanced nursing practice is the theory of optimal client system stability. This theory was derived from the grand theory of Neuman’s systems model as described above. This theory has only one proposition and that is that stability represents system health (Neuman Fawcett, 2012). This theory is useful because interventions by the advanced practice nurse are linked to client outcomes (Florczak, Poradzisz, Hampson, 2012). There are multiple applications when age, health status, and stressors are identified (Risjord, 2010). One such example is a study of fatigue in patients with diabetes by Casalenuovo (2002) that examined the relationship between stress, well-being, and fatigue. In this study the author concluded that interventions aimed at enhancing client well-being reduced fatigue. Both grand and middle range theories are sets of interrelated concepts to guide thinking in advanced practice nursing (Risjord, 2010). However, there are many differences between these two types of theories. Grand nursing theories consist of conceptual frameworks to provide broad insight useful for general practice. Because of the level of abstraction they are usually not easily testable (Florczak, Poradzisz, Hampson, 2012). Grand theories are often developed through insightful appraisal and considerations. Middle range theories are narrower in scope and are a bridge between grand theories and nursing practice (Fawcett Garity, 2009). Because middle range theories are less abstract and their concepts are more easily operationalized they allow for hypothesis testing. Middle range theories are often evolved from grand theories, literature reviews, and clinical practice making them more specific to nursing practice (Florczak, Poradzisz, Hampson). Despite multiple differences, both grand theories and middle range theories have a role in informing and influencing advanced practice nursing. Grand nursing theories define the role of nursing and separates nurses within the infrastructure of health care professions whereas middle range nursing theories guides the nurse to considerations when making clinical decisions (Florczak, Poradzisz, Hampson, 2012). The different types of theories provide different advantages for practice. These two types of theories are complementary and each type can contribute to advanced nursing practice and knowledge (Risjord, 2010). References: Casalenuovo, G. A. (2002). Fatigue in diabetes mellitus: Testing a middle range theory of well-being derived from Neumans theory of optimal client system stability and the Neuman systems model. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(5), 2301B. Florczak, K., Poradzisz, M., Hampson, S. (2012). Nursing in a complex world: A case for grand theory.Nursing Science Quarterly,25(4), 307-312. Fawcett, J. (2005). Middle-range nursing theories are necessary for the advancement of the discipline.Aquichan,5(1), 32-43. Fawcett, J., Garity, J. (2009). Evaluating research for evidence-based nursing. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis. Im, E., Ju-Chang, S. (2012). Current trends in nursing theories. Journal of Nursing Scholarship,44(2), 156-164. Lee, Q. (2014). Application of Neumans system model on the management of a patient with asthma.Singapore Nursing Journal,41(1), 20-25. McCrae, N. (2012). Whither nursing models: The value of nursing theory in the context of evidence-based practice and multidisciplinary health care.Journal of Advanced Nursing,68(1), 222-229. McKenna, H. P., Slevin, O. (2008).Nursing models, theories and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. Neuman, B., Fawcett, J. (2012). Thoughts about the Neuman systems model: A dialogue.Nursing Science Quarterly,25(4), 374-376. Powers, B., Knapp, T. R. (2011).Dictionary of nursing theory and research. New York, NY: Springer. Risjord, M. W. (2010).Nursing knowledge: Science, practice, and philosophy. Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell. Skalski, C., DiGerolamo, L., Gigliotti, E. (2006). Stressors in five client populations: Neuman systems model-based literature review.Journal of Advanced Nursing,56(1), 69-78.

All Quiet on the Western Front - A Book Review Essay -- All Quiet West

All Quiet on the Western Front - A Book Review Professor’s Comments: This is a good example of a book review typically required in history classes. It is unbiased and thoughtful. The Student explains the book and the time in which it was written in great detail, without retelling the entire story†¦ a pitfall that many first time reviewers may experience. All Quiet on the Western Front is the story of Paul Baumer’s service as a soldier in the German army during World War I. Paul and his classmates enlist together, share experiences together, grow together, share disillusionment over the loss of their youth, and the friends even experience the horrors of death-- together. Though the book is a novel, it gives the reader insights into the realities of war. In this genre, the author is free to develop the characters in a way that brings the reader into the life of Paul Baumer and his comrades. The novel frees the author from recounting only cold, sterile facts. This approach allows the reader to experience what might have been only irrelevant facts if presented in a textbook. This book is written from a perspective foreign to most Americans. Historically, American students are taught from a single perspective, that being the American perspective. This approach to history (the single perspective) dehumanizes the enemy and glorifies the Americans. We tend to forget that those on the opposing side are also human. The author's main theme centers not only on the loss of innocence experienced by Paul and his comrades, but the loss of an entire generation to the war. Paul may be a German, but he may just as easily be French, English, or American. The soldiers of all nations watched their co... ...e preceding reasons, all college students should read the book. The book will captivate the educated mind, and most importantly, will cause that mind to think and to question why things happen as they do. Remarque also tried to teach his audience. Written within a decade of the end of the war, the book calls on those who forfeited their youth to the war not to allow time to hide what had happened. Time may heal all wounds, but the cause of those wounds must not be forgotten, nor allowed to repeat itself. The author is; however, pragmatic enough to realize that all will not learn the lesson; nevertheless, those who are willing to learn it will discover that the story has been told before, and without their intervention, it is doomed to be told again. Works Cited Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. New York: Ballantine Books, 1984. All Quiet on the Western Front - A Book Review Essay -- All Quiet West All Quiet on the Western Front - A Book Review Professor’s Comments: This is a good example of a book review typically required in history classes. It is unbiased and thoughtful. The Student explains the book and the time in which it was written in great detail, without retelling the entire story†¦ a pitfall that many first time reviewers may experience. All Quiet on the Western Front is the story of Paul Baumer’s service as a soldier in the German army during World War I. Paul and his classmates enlist together, share experiences together, grow together, share disillusionment over the loss of their youth, and the friends even experience the horrors of death-- together. Though the book is a novel, it gives the reader insights into the realities of war. In this genre, the author is free to develop the characters in a way that brings the reader into the life of Paul Baumer and his comrades. The novel frees the author from recounting only cold, sterile facts. This approach allows the reader to experience what might have been only irrelevant facts if presented in a textbook. This book is written from a perspective foreign to most Americans. Historically, American students are taught from a single perspective, that being the American perspective. This approach to history (the single perspective) dehumanizes the enemy and glorifies the Americans. We tend to forget that those on the opposing side are also human. The author's main theme centers not only on the loss of innocence experienced by Paul and his comrades, but the loss of an entire generation to the war. Paul may be a German, but he may just as easily be French, English, or American. The soldiers of all nations watched their co... ...e preceding reasons, all college students should read the book. The book will captivate the educated mind, and most importantly, will cause that mind to think and to question why things happen as they do. Remarque also tried to teach his audience. Written within a decade of the end of the war, the book calls on those who forfeited their youth to the war not to allow time to hide what had happened. Time may heal all wounds, but the cause of those wounds must not be forgotten, nor allowed to repeat itself. The author is; however, pragmatic enough to realize that all will not learn the lesson; nevertheless, those who are willing to learn it will discover that the story has been told before, and without their intervention, it is doomed to be told again. Works Cited Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. New York: Ballantine Books, 1984.

Essay --

Instruments For The Financial Manager Intel is one of the leading companies in the world and amongst the top ranking companies in the Fortune 500 of the world. It was a big blunder on their part but at times minor things are overlooked and lead to higher costs. Since the company of the stature of Intel cannot afford to compromise on its repute it decided to recall all the defected motherboards and as a result the burden on its income statement was very pronounced due to the shipping and re-structuring costs. Although the company is huge and funds are enormous but the catch was that most of their funds were either committed elsewhere or they were running short on cash flows and the senior financial management had this Herculean task of coming up with the 725 million dollars in order to service this recall. This course of action was the call of the hour and was required to complete this shipment in order to safeguard the name of the company and the interest of the shareholders. Due to the commitment of the cash flows elsewhere the company will need to raise an additional sum of 675 million dollars from various sources and the purpose of this research is to find out the most suitable and apt sources of fund considering the interests of all the concerned parties. As the financial manager for the company I would like to suggest that the desired levels of funds be raised from a number of sources, which would include raising part of it via equity, through part of accounts receivables, and some of it will have to financed internally. Though the company of this stature can afford borrowing from external sources but why drain away the funds elsewhere when we can do the same thing internally. Similarly part of it will have to come from o... ...inion the only options available to us are to use a mix of all of these. We should allow for the major chunk to come from the public as equity whereas the partial financing may come from the other assets as well as from the trading assets. What matters at the end of the day are that we are able to live up to the name of the company and deliver what we so staunchly promise to deliver. The only way to recover from the blunder made at some point in time is to recover the funds from the sources mentioned earlier on and when the time comes to repay these dues with diligence. As a finance manager I believe that these measures will enable us to sail through this problem with ease and in the longer run we will be able to stand more cohesively if we choose to settle this problem internally rather than going to outside and exposing the company to various other forms of risks.

Language Acquisition :: essays research papers fc

CONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Main body 1. Language acquisition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.......†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 2. The stages of language acquisition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦......†¦..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.1. The prelinguistic stage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.........†¦...........†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 2.2. Babbling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 2.3. One-word utterances †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦....†¦...........†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 2.4. Two-word utterances †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............†¦..†¦....   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 2.5. Telegraphic speech †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 2.6. Language learning during the pre-school period †¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16 3. The critical period †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17 4. The summary of behaviours to expect of children with normally developing speech and language †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19 5. The language acquisition cannot be sped up †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 6. Tips to help develop speech communication in a child †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25 INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Still today, it is the commonly held belief that children acquire their mother tongue through imitation of the parents, caregivers or the people in their environment. Linguists too had the same conviction until 1957, when a then relatively unknown man, A. Noam Chomsky, propounded his theory that the capacity to acquire language is in fact innate. This revolutionized the study of language acquisition, and after a brief period of controversy upon the publication of his book, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, in 1964, his theories are now generally accepted as largely true. As a consequence, he was responsible for the emergence of a new field during the 1960s, Developmental Psycholinguistics, which deals with children’s first language acquisition. He was not the first to question our hitherto mute acceptance of a debatable concept – long before, Plato wondered how children could possibly acquire so complex a skill as language with so little experience of life. Experiments have clearly identified an ability to discern syntactical nuances in very young infants, although they are still at the pre-linguistic stage. Children of three, however, are able to manipulate very complicated syntactical sentences, although they are unable to tie their own shoelaces, for example. Indeed, language is not a skill such as many others, like learning to drive or perform mathematical operations – it cannot be taught as such in these early stages. Rather, it is the acquisition of language which fascinates linguists today, and how it is possible. Noam Chomsky turned the world’s eyes to this enigmatic question at a time when it was assumed to have a deceptively simple explanation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further in this term-paper I am going to describe the stages in child language acquistion starting from the very birth of an infant till the onset of puberty. LANGUAGE ACQUISTION There are many facts that are intriguing about the language.

Euripides Paper Essay

Of the plays that survived the Hellenistic Era of Greece, few survive out of the thousands that were written in celebration of the Festival Of Dionysus. This festival was in honor of the great god of wine, a relatively new Olympian borne of Zeus and a mortal woman, Semele (Rachel Gross, Dale Grote, 1997). He was celebrated as not only the god of wine but also of nature, fertility and later, the stage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bacchae by Euripides is the most famous account of the Dionysian cult, and through its disturbing tale of destruction and horrific method of worship it paints a picture of extremism unlike other tales. It is possible that Euripides, during his stay in the court of the king of Macedon, saw a sect of the cult whose ritual practices were extremist or it could be that Euripides was attempting to make a statement about the danger of cultist thinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dionysus was the only Olympian to have been born twice, once when Zeus killed his mother with a thunderbolt then rescued the unborn child, inserted him into his own thigh for the rest of his gestation, and gave birth to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One theme that runs through the Dionysian cult is rejection; the Dionysus stories repeatedly tell of Dionysus entering a city, being rejected as a god and bringing destruction to his opponents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It does appear that the authors of the classical plays in the Hellenistic Era either wished to encourage worshippers to remain loyal to their gods or they wished to instill fear in the public regarding the vengeful nature of the gods if they are not obeyed. An example of this is Euripides’ tale of Dionysus’ revenge on Pentheus, king of Thebes. As patient and devious as only a god could be, Dionysus lets himself be captured after driving local women (including Pentheus’ mother) into divine madness. Dionysus, disguised, is believed to be behind the women suddenly running into the forest from the city. Dionysus cannot be restrained, as he amply shows his captor Pentheus. Eventually Dionysis leads Pentheus (dressed as a woman) to his death by the hands of his own mother, who does not recognize him in her state of madness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The choir sings the praises of Dionysus, who is later able to show himself to Thebes for who he really is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A recurrent theme in The Bacchae is justice, disguise, revenge, and the balance of power, all centered on a god and his followers opposing a mortal and the non-believers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Along the same lines and also reflecting the religion of the time as well as portraying the continual battles that were waged between city-states that vied for dominion, were plays written by Sophocles, Aeschylus, and later Aristophanes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Politics were mixed in with religious rites and rituals, as is written in all of the plays examined. Similarity exists in stories of son against father, brother against sister, and a god dictating the actions of all the major players with the oracles being the messengers delivering prophecies and directions to the mere mortals. A marvelous intertwining of emotions, decisions, protocols, ethics and treachery are exhibited by both mortals and gods in these works, but the gods tend to influence the mortals to turn on each other rather than directly intervene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Prometheus Bound, Aeschylus exposes the revenge of gods upon a god, as opposed to Dionysus’ revenge on Thebes for rejecting him. Still, the theme of suffering is woven and fear is stricken into the audience as a great god who had created the mortals done so much for them is ruthlessly punished by Zeus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prometheus Bound is the second play of a trilogy, and uses no stage. In that, it is unique; the entire play takes place in the balconies (ed. Alfred Bates, 1906, p.73). This adds to the feeling that a battle is being waged in the heavens, a common theme reflected in the mythology of the Greek pantheon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prometheus brought fire to mankind out of sympathy for their ignorance and darkness. At first Zeus was angry, but when he smelled the aroma of the rich sacrifices cooking over the fires he decided to bide his time to see what would happen next. As in The Bacchae, Zeus is alternately portrayed as a benevolent yet very vengeful god.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prometheus Bound illustrates the suffering of torture for a god who cannot die because he is immortal; this would give pause to any Hellenistic person who might wish to become a god. At least humans can be freed from the pains of mortality through death, even if brought about by an angry god.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One passage in particular reflects how rejection is a theme that repeats itself in Hellenistic plays, wrenching emotion from the audience and expressed in such a way as to be all too common in tragedy; Prometheus, chained to the mountainside where a bird of prey arrives daily to eat his liver, cries out, â€Å"The foe of Zeus, and held In hatred by all gods Who tread the courts of Zeus; And this for my great love, Too great, for mortal man† (Bates, p. 76).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Along comes Hermes, in a powerful scene, bids Prometheus to reveal the marriage that will produce the undoing of Zeus’ position. Prometheus adamantly refuses to reveal such a thing unless he is unbound.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interestingly enough, Zeus had already had a warning regarding a child who would overthrow him; after his liaison with the Titan Metis, Zeus was told that the unborn child would bring about his undoing. He turned Metis into a fly and swallowed her; the child gestated inside of Zeus’ head and later emerged as the goddess Athena. Once again we find Zeus hatching a child within his own body, as Dionysus was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even in his suffering, Prometheus is adamant about justice. He had created mortals under Zeus’ orders, he had taught them everything. When Zeus saw the mortals becoming too powerful, able to reason and think for themselves, he saw his own position threatened. This theme is also reflected in different ways and with different scenarios in the plays of the period. Essentially this is a political attitude, which seems to be misplaced among all-powerful and perfect gods, but as humans had godlike qualities, the gods also had very human qualities. Such was the relationship between the Greek Olympians and the Greek people, a mutual relationship of favors granted, sacrifices made and honors given or withdrawn. What we know of this relationship is mostly from writers such as Homer and Plato as well as the playwrights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Prometheus trilogy elaborated on the creation of man, the wrath of Zeus, intervention by Prometheus, the advancement of mankind and the gift of Prometheus (the return of fire). This was followed by the punishment of Prometheus and the ill will of the Olympians toward him. Loyalty to Zeus and the recognition that the gods were only as powerful as their mortal worshippers are reflective of politicians and celebrities of today; a stat is only as stellar as the public allows it to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally Prometheus is freed and is reconciled amongst the Olympians, but for all he did for mortals, it appears that he was not worshipped, nor was he a patron god of any polis or temple. Apparently his fallibility made him unworthy of mortal worship. Unlike Dionysus, however, Prometheus did not exact revenge on those who did not recognize him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Turning to more complicated matters, we shall now look at the Oedipus plays by Sophocles. This series reveals the role of fate and the irrevocable will of the gods, this time involving Apollo.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Running along common Greek themes of deplorable situations (such as Zeus killing Dionysus’ mother and realizing with horror that she carried his unborn child, Prometheus being horribly tortured for loving his creations so much that he defied Zeus, and the horror of bedding one’s own mother and bearing children by her), Oedipus the King by Sophocles brings about the role played by fate and the unquestionable role of destiny that mortals cannot escape even if forewarned and taking all precautions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oracles and prophets relayed messages from the gods to mortals, and those whom had a shadow cast over their lives had no choice play out their lives in the manner decreed by the gods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus was one of those people, sent away by his mother to be murdered since it was predicted that he would kill his father; a kindly Shepard took Oedipus to be raised in the court of the king and queen of Corinth. Oedipus was not aware of his true parentage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a young prince, Oedipus overhears a conversation announcing that he was not the true son of the king and queen, so he sought the advice of the Oracle of Delphi. This is where he learned of his destiny, which had been revealed to his mother years before. Another common theme of the Hellenistic Era is the accuracy of the Oracle of Delphi, who can see into the plans of the gods and will advise mortals as she sees fit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus was horrified to hear his fate and, still believing that he was the son of the king and queen of Corinth, he sought to escape the horrible prophecy by leaving the palace. This is another case in point where it was believed that a mortal could not escape what the gods had decreed for their future, and it wasn’t until philosophy took a strong stance in Greek society that the gods were questioned as omniscient beings that controlled the destiny of every person. In the case of Oedipus, had he kept his head and stayed in the palace at Corinth, the story would have been much different but even the reader of the plays will doubt that he could have changed his fate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus traveled to Thebes, fell in love with and married Jocasta, Queen of Thebes. Jocasta was the widow of Kind Laius, who had been killed in a skirmish with a band of thieves just prior to Oedipus’ arrival.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus and Jocasta had four children; two daughters (Antigone and Ismeme) and two sons (Polynices and Eteocles). While the offspring of Oedipus and Jocasta do not appear significantly in Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex), their existence is significant for the act that Antigone will later commit in a state of unbending intent, without regard for any punishment from gods or humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eventually a plague strikes Thebes and the citizenry asks Oedipus for help. Oedipus replies that he has already sent the Queen’s brother (Creon) to the Oracle at Delphi for advise. Once again, great faith in the gods and the Oracle is demonstrated, and the Oracle is consulted in order to consult with the gods themselves; such incidents as natural disasters and plagues were undoubtedly initiated by one of the gods whom has been displeased, and only the Oracle had the authority to dispense with the remedy for the situation. Also, Thebes reasserts itself as a city of major importance, politically, being the very city that rejected Dionysus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chreon returns to report that the Oracle at Delphi says that when the murderer of Laius is captured and expelled, the plague will end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus sets out immediately to discover who murdered the King of Thebes, and imagine his horror when he finds out from a local prophet that it was he who had slain the king at the crossroads where the attack had occurred. The only survivor of the attack, a Shepard, is then interrogated; Oedipus still wants to deny that he himself was King Laius’ murderer and Jocasta supports him by ridiculing prophecy and such fanciful thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The climax of the play occurs when the Shepard reveals that long ago he had taken a baby from the King and Queen of Thebes and passed it on to a Shepard of Corinth; the baby’s mother had wanted it murdered because of a prophecy that it would kill its parents. The coin drops for Oedipus:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Ah me! ah me! all brought to pass, all true! O light, may I behold thee nevermore! I stand a wretch, in birth, in wedlock cursed, A parricide, incestuously, triply cursed!† (trans. F. Storr, 1912).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oedipus later finds Jocasta inside the palace, dead from hanging herself. Oedipus immediately blinds himself and begs to be exiled. Once again we have Thebes expelling a man of prominence, but this time by the man’s request. Where Dionysus had been twice born, Oedipus had been twice expelled from Thebes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plays depicted above are three great tragedies and hopefully it is clear that the myths and religious overtones occupying the minds and hearts of the Hellenistic Greeks have been demonstrated here to have a recurring theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We will now turn to a play of comedy that also has its own flavor yet displays the loyalty to the gods and abides by the principles of Greek society. As a departure from the woes of rejected gods and men, Arisophanes provides the audience with laughter as he resurrects Euripides and Aeschylus, thus acknowledging their greatness and praising Dionysus at the same time as the god of theater.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Binding together the power of Dionysus while poking fun at the god of wine and revelry, Aristophanes writes a slapstick style play in The Frogs. This play has it all; gods, arguments, parody and politics, plus it contains references to the mythological hero Heracles, Charon (the ferryman at the river Styx), and a few Olympians plus the Nine Muses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even today, this play is extremely funny for those who are familiar with Greek mythology and would be enjoyed even by those who are not, if acted well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Frogs, Dionysus is tired of the absence of the absence of meaty dramas in theater and feels that this is a reflection on his honor. He decides to travel to Hades to fetch Euripides and bring him back to Earth. His servant Xanthias accompanies Dionysus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to â€Å"blend in† in the underworld, Dionysus dresses as Heracles and consults Heracles for advice and directions before setting off. Once in the underworld, Dionysus is assaulted by the inhabitants seeking revenge for things Heracles had done during one of his journeys to Hades, and Dionysus begs Xanthias to change costumes. No sooner is this done, Persephone (daughter of Demeter and Queen of Hades) invites Heracles to a banquet. Dionysus insists on donning the lion skins again in order that he may attend the banquet, but as soon as he changes, angry people assault him once again. He is finally so afraid he reveals who he really is (reminiscent of revealing himself to Thebes in The Bacchae).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Once it is known throughout Hades that Dionysus is present there, an argument breaks out between Euripides and Aeschylus over who is the better playwright. Insults are traded as thus:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   EURIPIDES Don’t talk to me; I won’t give up the chair, I say I am better in the art than he. DIONYSUS You hear him, Aeschylus: why don’t you speak? EURIPIDES He’ll do the grand at first, the juggling trick He used to play in all his tragedies. DIONYSUS Come, my fine fellow, pray don’t talk to big. EURIPIDES I know the man, I’ve scanned him through and   through, A savage-creating stubborn-pulling fellow, Uncurbed, unfettered, uncontrolled of speech, Unperiphrastic, bombastiloquent. AESCHYLUS Hah! sayest thou so, child of the garden   quean And this to me, thou chattery-babble-collector, Thou pauper-creating rags-and-patches-stitcher? Thou shalt abye it dearly! DIONYSUS Pray, be still; Nor heat thy soul to fury, Aeschylus. AESCHYLUS Not till I’ve made you see the sort of man This cripple-maker is who crows so loudly. DIONYSUS Bring out a ewe, a black-fleeced ewe, my boys: Here’s a typhoon about to burst upon us. AESCHYLUS Thou picker-up of Cretan monodies, Foisting thy tales of incest on the stage- (Internet Classics Archives, 1994 – 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the end, a trial is conducted to see who the King Of Tragedy really is; it is decided to weigh the writings to see whose was heaviest. Aeschylus turned out to have the meatier scripts, so Dionysus took him to Earth instead of Euripides, even though in truth Euripides was regarded the better of the two at the time (Alice Fort, Herbert Kates, 1935).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both comedy and tragedy, the ties to the gods and the themes of conflict, murder, revenge and long-suffering are present in Hellenistic plays. The ancient Greek society was rich in imagination and devout in its worship of the gods; eventually the Greek culture would spread throughout the Persian Empire and rule until the Roman conquest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion and to display a part of the beauty of devotion to the gods, an excerpt from Callimachus’ Hymn to Artemis, which expresses the reverence typical of the Greek attitude toward their gods:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Lady, may my true friends and I be among those, Queen, and may I always care about song. I will sing Leto’s wedlock, Apollo, and always Artemis: your labors, dogs, archery, and chariot that lifts you lightly-behold-on your way to Zeus’s heavenly abode† (Callimachus, Jean Alvares 1998). References Aristophanes. â€Å"The Frogs.† The Internet Classics Archives, MIT. 1994 – 2000, 18 December 2005. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/frogs.html Bates, Alfred (ed.). â€Å"PROMETHEUS BOUND: A summary and analysis of the play by Aeschylus.† The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 1. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 70-78. Callimachus. â€Å"Hymn III: To Aretemis.† Montclair State University, Jean Alvares. 1998 – 2003, 18 December 2005. http://www.chss.montclair.edu/classics/HYMNART.HTML Gross ,Rachel and Grote ,Dale. â€Å"Dionysus.† Encyclopedia Mythica. 1995 – 2004, 16 December 2002. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/d/dionysus.html Storr, F (trans.). â€Å"Oedipus the King.† Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and William Heinemann Ltd, London. 1912, 17 December 2005. http://www.online-literature.com/view.php/oedipus/1?term=king%20oedipus

Finance and Business

Study Guide analyse 1 Small caper BSMG 2410 test 1 REVIEW MULTIPLE picking 1. How a disdain plan shtup be subroutineful. A working anatomy outlining ? nances and direction for a impertinent start-up or expansion. Gives you slightlything you see. 2. The doorways to short blood line ownership. at that place be terzetto doorways to small stemma ownership. 1. Buy an existing commercial enterprise. 2. Buy a franchise 3. Start a parvenu line. 3. non matchless of the ten-spot cause of death factors. The Ten Killer Factors for Entrepreneurs 1. Weak character 2. The l unrivalled and only(a)r syndrome 3. Nebulous business thoughts 4. No plan 5. Too little monetary backing 6.Cash-flow troubles 7. No marketing schema 8. No controlling 9. The wrong great screw 10. Underestimating the competition 4. non one of the ten success factors. The Ten Success Factors for Entrepreneurs 1. Willingness to come 2. Self-confidence 3. A clear business idea 4. The Business Plan 5. film control of finances 6. Targeted marketing 7. A step ahead of the competition 8. circumspection support 9. Cooperation 10. Clear caller expression 5. Not good advice for a develop entrepreneur. When you be the boss, you prat take it easy. 6. Not one of the key points for successful entrepreneurs.Entrepreneur A visionary self-starter who loves the adventure of a new enterprise and is pull up stakesing to risk his or her own money 7. Characteristics of todays changing family. 8. Impact facts about(predicate) the fumble boomer generation. Baby boomers Persons born mingled with 1946 and 1963 Increase in population seclusion age. They will probably be your customers. Pg. 33 Baby boomers make up 70% of the population. Have a steady income. 9. Not an example of the new living arrangements. sustainment arrangements atomic number 18 changing and evolving. 10. What is accomplished by the Opportunity Selection Funnel 11.Not one of the product feel-cycle stagesThe Life Cycle Stages A. embryo B. Growth C. Mature D. Decline 12. What is include in primary interrogation? alternative research Reading and using previously published (primary) research 13. Steps in opportunity selection. Pg. 56 1. Keep in-person and business purposes in mind through with(predicate) the filtering process 2. Learn to a greater extent about your favorite industry. 3. Identify 3 to 5 assure segments 4. Through research, identify problems that quest solutions. 5. Brainstorm for solutions 6. Mesh possible solutions with your objective 7. Concentrate on the most promising opportunities. 4. What is gained by doing primary and secondary research? From my understanding, primary election and Secondary research are the difference in get bying the research. In Primary research, there is no data useable for the researcher hence the researcher has to start from scratch. This means that the researcher needs to design questionnaires, collect data from respondents and then analyses t he result. If you are doing secondary research, the researcher have the prerequisite data available. These data are make available through other takes or reports, like newspaper or annual reports of companies.If the researcher is doing secondary research, there is no need to start from scratch he or she uses the data or development done by other organizations or publications. The important thing is that there are advantages and disadvantages for both methods. Primary research is more than time consuming and costly. While some secondary research may non suit the researchers needs. 15. Consider industry breakthroughs. 16. part of the NAICS structure. Pg. 62 North Ameri idler industry salmagundi System (NAICS) 1. Industry heavens (20 major sectors) 2. Industry subsector 3. Industry aggroup 4. Industry . U. S, Canadian, or Mexi pile guinea pig specific industry 17. How trade shows work. 18. How to conduct primary research. Interviews 19. How to use a globe substance grid. Measurement tool with which ideas are screened and evaluated in order to ? nd solutions 20. What can be gain from market research. Collection and summary of data pertinent to current or potential viability of a product or serve. Do the research up drive will save you money in the long run. 21. What is included in a media kit. A media kit is a piece of land of data about your business that is created for use by the press.Its purpose is to provide media members with the demand data to report on your business. Business Facts History Products/Services Bios Current word 22. Examples of target customers. Persons who have the highest likelihood of acquire a product or service 23. Other things included in a media kit. Readership pro? les, and information, and market research veritable by magazines for potential advertisers 24. Helpful websites in profiling target customers. www. newslink. org www. mediafinder. com www. brint. com www. sba. gov 25. What Claritas information is grou nd on.A comp any providing a household section tool that concisely describes and categorizes people by their age, income aim, and social preferences. It is a sister company of National Decision Systems Psychographic Descriptive information on values, attitudes, and lifestyles SHORT ANSWER Chapter 1 26. let off ii (2) reasons why a business plan is critical to a small business. 27. rear two (2) reasons for and two reasons against starting your own business. For Job Security, in todays economy this is one way of assure an income. You get to occupy your register and work with flexibility- This has its benefits for sure.Being able to schedule around activities and practices and school is nice. However, it can also mean that you are working easy into the evening. Just know that you have to be prepared for this Against It takes a lot of work. Ive been dealing with entrepreneurs for more than 30 old age now, and Ive never seen even one of them who worked less while building a bus iness than when he or she was an employee, or a student, or something else. Failure can cost you big time. Businesses do fail, and not always through the fault of the owner. correct good decisions have bad outcomes. at that place are a lot of factors you cant control.I know people whose business failure cost them their sense of self, positivistic their life relationships. If you cant deal with the possibility, dont go there. 28. Provide an advantage and a disadvantage of apiece of the ternion methods of getting into business. Starting from scratch, get an existing business, franchise Chapter 2 29. Explain through the use of an example what is meant by new eyes research. Trends, what people will be doing in the future. Helps provide feedback 30. What are the four (4) stages of a product life cycle and explain which one should be avoided. A. EmbryoB. Growth C. Mature D. Decline you demand to avoid because this means you an a descending(prenominal) ride and there is no more opp ortunity for fatten outing. 31. Explain the concept of brainstorming. It refers to nidus on one subject and save many ideas and different direction that idea takes you down so you can expand upon them in future works you create. Dont be afraid to think and follow world-wide thoughts. 32. Explain how the changing family could open up any two (2) possible small business opportunities. The number of grandparents raising their grandchildren has increased. Chapter 3 3. Explain how the NASIC/SIC codes are set-up and how they can be used for gathering business information. (pg. 62) The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS, pronounced Nakes) was veritable as the standard for use by federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the collection, analysis, and publication of statistical data related to the business economy of the U. S. NAICS was developed under the trade protection of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and pick out in 19 97 to replace the old threadbare industrial Classification (SIC) brass.It was also developed in cooperation with the statistical agencies of Canada and Mexico to establish a 3-country standard that allows for a high level of comparability in business statistics among the three countries. NAICS is the first economic classification system to be constructed based on a single economic concept. The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) was originally developed in the 1930s to classify establishments by the type of action in which they are primarily engage and to promote the comparability of establishment data describing various facets of the U.S. economy. 34. Explain how a intercellular substance to mesh desires with ideas works for the entrepreneur. Chapter 4 35. draw how an entrepreneur can use a mass- market magazine to generate a profile of its target customers. Handouts 36. Discuss any three (3) traits from Successful Small Businesses administer Five Traits. 37. Discuss an y three (3) points from Getting a business of the ground is hard work. 38. Discuss the relationship surrounded by happiness, passion, and owning a small business.

Pre and Post M&a Performance in Accounting Ratio Essay

There be loads of tools to criterion the instruction execution of a pecuniary process of an entity but monetary symmetrys is probably the scoop bug turn up known tool which is mainly to analyze the achievement of an entity by comparing the present to the away congenator figures taken or composed from the monetary line of reasoning . The few categories of ratios argon fluidness ratios, favour fittedness ratios, efficacy ratios, debt ratios and merchandise ratios which de take off be equal to per regulate the entitys characteristics. Ratios show the true surgical procedure and put of the entity. In club for investors to hear their choices of entity to invest in, financial ratios play an important role in providing decent in straination to delectationrs ab divulge the entitys characteristic.We prophesy that companies argon performing meliorate subsequently coalition and skill and thither forget be an growth in profit of companies pre optical fusi on and attainment compargon to locating nuclear fusion reaction and erudition activities. However, the global jointure and learnedness (M&A) food food grocery is expected to experience a belittled cast up this year following signifi force outt revisions in earnings expectation for 2009. Studies comparatively prove that ratios argon important but which ratios, among the loads of ratios which eject buoy be computed easily from the avail suitable financial statement, should be utilise to analyze to obtain a wise finale (Kung & Thomas, 1981) (M betno & Howard, 1996).Problem statementAccounting ratios usage in merger & attainment atomic number 18 non still very headspring as to whether companies or investors argon using explanation ratios to analyze surgical operation pre and telephone circuitpile decision fashioning for M&A. Therefore, this domain go out try to find out as to whether merger and erudition activities are ca employ by the utilize of business human relationship ratio when management tries to thunder a play alongs operation. Accounting ratios is wide in potpourri and is known for its diversities in calculating different ratios, which makes selecting the salary ratio to do abstract on is difficult. any ships society when making merger and accomplishment decisions bequeath drop to go through different decision making process in their organisation and non establish solely on invoice ratios when victorious actions. Things such as relationship of coming unitedly companies, finance matter or management faculty are often over disembodied spirited in preliminary studies, at that placefore, by from addressing the exercising of accounting ratio in making merger and accomplishment, we submit likewise address on other(a) matters that are affecting merger and scholarship decision making.Companies that subscribe to made merger and erudition in the few eld provide be lowlifevas whether merger and acq uirement has benefitted the company. This analysis ordain have to be based on companies that have made merger and erudition for few years so that analysis could be made to feel whether merger and acquisition has improved the companys achievement. The information that is collected could be redundant as the data collected could much thanover be analyzed from the past. apart(predicate) from that, companies that are intermeshed in merger and acquisition go out tend to keep their methods in getting companies as a secret in that respectfore, there is no reading that bequeath be bring out to us when we are doing search. We volition hardly be able to get information based on resolution on the Bursa Saham Malaysia and in any case annual plow analysis on the companies that we bequeath base our break down on. Based solely on the annual report, we allow for have to analyze companies that have been engaged in merger and acquisition is performing better as a company e arlierhand merger and acquisition or by and by merger and acquisition.Studies that have address the problemSeveral past studies have shown some(prenominal)(prenominal) findings. There were enlarged onward motions in the liquidity, leverage and profitability position of most studied companies. Norm anyy, total assets consist of well-groundedity, debt and retained earnings to finance the potbelly. In the playing area, it was give that total assets were al counsellings less than the debt plus equity for pre acquisition ut depotost, but afterwards acquisition, it is compulsive. All the units selected for the field of operation were sick, but after takeover five out of eight revived (Rao & Sanker, 1997). The acquiring trustworthys had performed above the intentness total and the acquired crockeds were below the industry average in term of size and profitability (Cosh et al., 1998).The loadeds recorded purposeful amplify in their net earnings, and those with the succ eederful merger of the firms, the arrest on gravid busy and draw on total assets, accessiond substantially with a signifi cannistert percentage. The variability in the earnings ( venture) of the pre-merger firms was importantly higher than that of send off-merger firms (Agundu & Karibo, 1999). Pilloff (1996) finds no significant change in post merger ROE, however, when he utilizes operational income before provision instead of net income to calculate ROE, there is a significant increase in post-merger returns.Deficiencies in studiesUnfortunately, most studies do non distinguish betwixt healthy and troubled companies due to the coitus scarcity of outright failures as an indicator of the latter. Data are not readily available to every soul and critical data is only available to pass by take management, which causes analysis on company executing not accurate. Accounting ratios usage in studies are not standardized for number of ratios used and types of ratios used, making comparisons of this study to previous studies almost impossible. Some of the studies only find out accounting ratio death penalty before and after merger and acquisition, but they did not take into account the management mathematical operation rise. magnificence of the studyBasically, the compelling reason for merger and acquisition is to make more money. This study analyses the pre and post procedure in accounting ratio of various entities in Malaysia which touch in merger and acquisition. Therefore, it seeks to contribute to entities which look forward to expand their businesses by coming together and acquiring entities in order to broaden their sources and to increase their performance as well as position of the entity.This study as well justifies the importance of financial ratios as a tool in decision making for most users to merge and acquire entities. alike that, this study advance proves that financial ratios could be used to speculate and bet the future tense of the entitys development and reaping by developing ratio protects to be comparingd with the pattern or regular tax. Furthermore, the global merger and acquisition market is expected to experience a supplementary increase this year following significant revisions in earnings expectation for 2009. According to KPMG Internationals Global merger and acquisition Predictor, modest increases are expected in both deal-making appetite and cleverness globally. Therefore, it is hoped that the end of this study is valuable to entities for the purpose of merging and acquiring.Purpose statementThe purpose of this study is to determine whether financial ratios contribute to the decision in merging and acquiring other entity. For this purpose, we analyze the performance of the entity before and after merging or acquisition of the guardianship or parent entity across industries to identify the stipulation of the performance and position of the entity currently. We would have to identify the entitys characteristics in impairment of their operating and accounting performance by comparing to their values before the merger and acquisition. In our analysis, we also focus on the use financial ratios as a mechanism to compare the pre and post-acquisition performance. Furthermore, we also use financial ratio to predict the performance of the acquired entity as well as the growth of the entity.Organization of the studyThe rest of the research is organize into chapters as follows. Chapter 2 review about the lit regarding the accounting ratio performance before and after merger and acquisition would be provided. The topic and the arguments from researchers forget be discussed. Justification of the research objectives would be provided with all the germane(predicate) literary workss. Chapter 3 describes and provides detailed explanation on the method used in collecting the relevant data, the desired sample design, appropriate methodology employed in this study and also th e data analysis method.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionIn this chapter, further discussion on the topic will be through with(p) based on preliminary empirical studies and a derivation of hypothesis will be done. To be able to evaluate the post and pre merger and acquisition deal by companies in Malaysia, a c formerlypt is to be conceived with prior literature that is related to the performance of firms that has been acquiring other firms.2.1 hypothesis/Concept FoundationShareholders of a corporation that is involved in Merger & Acquisition activity would same to see their value of stock in the acquiring corporation to rise post-M&A compared to pre-M&A. Therefore, it is important that an M&A transaction done with the stockholders in mind, this surmise of maximizing shareholder value is fairly impertinently as it is introduced by William Lazonick and Mary OSullivan in year 2000. Shareholder value should be used regularly when decisions are made to be able to regulate how a company operates for the sake of the shareholders. For a shareholder to have his value increased, all the activities from the manu operatory workers to top level management should work together to find the best way to increase the value of the company. To increase shareholder value, restructuring of companies are unavoidablenessed to be able to sustain the changing economic humour according to time development. Evaluation of companies performance will be done to ensure shareholders value do increase post-M&A.From the theory we could derive that performance of a company depends on the value that they would like to push for their shareholders. For every shareholder that would like to expand the company operation and size, they will have to be able to provide funds for the company in the form of investment. Apart from that, trend evolution plays a part in a merging or acquisition decision. An acquirer may look at the performance of the company that they are trying to takeov er. The acquirers look at the financial feasibility of acquiring the company on the share price and value for money. If a value is low, they will be able to takeover the company at a lower price. And it is known that M&A deals are done so that a company could expand into a new market segment or improve their current segment.Apart from that, it should be notable that there are several types of mergers and acquisition. It should be noted that firms that are acquiring are large if not significantly bigger than the acquired firms.2.2 survey of Prior Empirical StudiesLife cycle of a firm will accelerate the need for M&A deals as firms grew older, they could be expanding their size and because of this, and M&A will be done to be able to involve themselves into different segments of businesses. According to (Sian Owen & Alfred Yawson, 2008), they paint a picture that in certain life cycle of a company, they will engage in some attractive of M&A activities. This is because there is a n eed to grow their company or to decrease the pastime of the owner by giving up the magnate of the company to another firm. Therefore, it should be noted that companies will go through M&A at different life cycle to develop their performance scour further or simply to roll out of the company self-will. The data that they use to meet this is based in the US, therefore, it may be not practical to be used here, but this is an fortune for us to take the life cycle factor in the pre and post M&A performance figure.The main objective for merger and acquisition activities is to increase the return of the equity shareholders who are considered real owners of the company. Shareholders are also takes the responsibilities to bear maximum run a risk of the company. distinct impact ( imperative, blackball and mix) either success or failure will occur for different M&A deals.Since we cannot make any conclusion based on only one ratio. So, different ratio are using in this article to mea sure the company performance in term of liquidity position, operating skill, overall efficiency, return to equity shareholders and financial composition. By spirit at single ratio, it is stark for researcher to determine whether acquirer company success or failure to make M&A deals? Because a high rate of return showed on acquiree company such as consulting firms doesnt kernel they make a good investments, since they require no assets. There are more than half of the 74 merger and acquisition cases showed an improvement in the financial performance in post time period of this article.However, 15% out of these cases had increase their functional groovy and debt to equity, which means that the company suffer long term financial burden of current assets and long terms funds which use to finance current assets. humbled sample size was used by this researcher. Although there are 200 deals of M&A in India but only 74 companies can provide the available financial data which require by researcher. So, there was reliable disoblige of this research outcome. except ratio, there are many issues must be takes into friendship by making M&A decision such as by predicting future prospects, company past performance, law and regulations of the country which can help to reach a better conclusion. So researcher cant make have and absolute conclusion by only take care financial ratio of company (Kumar and Bansal, 2008).Those are significant difference among merger and acquisition. Misleading conclusions may be made by those researchers who combined these devil different terms. Acquisitions is a more successful way to bring positive terminations to the company compared with mergers in term of generate greater profitability, return on investment or equity, increased in operating performance, etc. This might due to the way the merger or acquire. Acquirer may acquire a small division, patent or the company which use for the purpose of strategic alliances and value added to current business. In contrary, merges activities become less attractive to the potential shareholder due to reduce return or shareholder wealth or even negative return and decrease in profitability or even suffer losses of the company (Hassan, Patro, Tuckman & Wang, 2007).The theoretical models of liquidity stresses the pointedness of transaction stock, unfortunate selection, stock volatility, and engagement of market making (Lipson & individual, 2007). According to the prior review, the degree of occupation take in a stock has a positive relationship with the level of trading activity. Therefore, the fixed trading speak tos can be spread out over a larger number of trades. The adverse selection cost incurs when negative action is taken to counter an adverse office staff of trades. For example, if stock traders have relatively more information compare to the liquidity providers, liquidity providers will go on their losses from trading with better informed counterpart s by increasing their average revenue. Stock volatility affects the trading cost positively as well. When stocks are more volatile, the holding cost of the stock would be relatively higher and the cost would be passed on to buyers when universe traded. The competitiveness of market making affects the trading cost negatively. When the market makers are less competitive, the increase in competition will reduce the trading cost. Besides that, the firms characteristics also affect the accounting ratio after M&A.Prior studies noted that M&A increases the liquidity of firms on average but the improvements are fully explained by the ensuant changes in firm characteristics (Lipson & Mortal, 2007). Firm characteristics such as sizes of the firm, volume and number of shareholders are taken into consideration in prior studies. Relatively larger firms will have greater trading interest since more positions are offered in the firm. Benston and Hangerman (1974) also acknowledge the effect of fi rm size and volume to M&A. Therefore, the sizes of the firm are expected to affect the decision M&A of a firm. The increase in adverse selection can be seen in Heflin and Shaw (2000) where they solicit that the effect of a blockholder ownership is a result of superior blockholder information. The results are consistent with the results in Lipson and Mortal (2007). Past studies document that larger firms tend to be followed by a greater number of market makers (Wahal, 1997), which he attributes to increased competition among market makers. besides derived in Lipson and Mortal (2007), the increased in market making reduces order processing cost, hence trim down trading cost.According to (Arturo Bris, Neil Brisley, Christos Cabolis 2008), M&A is done following the bodily system decision as legal recovers or accounting standard. The countries difference in degree of investor protection as well as firm value, ownership structure. When we are merger and acquisition usually adopts th e accounting standards. This implies that, the corporate in a country can adopt difference level of investor protect. If corporate governance have set the legal rules then the corporate follow it.Therefore, the corporate investments losses or change operation performance. The legal rule can protect shareholder and investors so that they will not have legal liabilities. The corporate governance persona is follow shareholder protection and accounting standard when we are merger and acquisition can examen corporate worsening and preserving acquisitions. If we are test pre merger and acquisition performance not efficiency then corporate governance timberland also will not good. The corporation will elementary give large corporate takeover or the corporation will bankrupt. However, the corporation operation quality good will not let large corporate takeover the firm. The corporate governance quality well can enhance merger and acquisition value and good performance.According to Holge r Breinlich (2008), merger and acquisition become industrial restructuring after trade liberalization. It is can increase merger and acquisition activities and merger and acquisition ecstasyred resource from less to more productive firms. It is because pre corporation not efficiency performance source make it loss. Therefore, after merger and acquisition the corporate efficiency performance source make it earning profit and improvement the corporate. Merger and acquisition not just to transfer source, it is also can qualitatively difference from other adjust form. Before merger and acquisition is not well make the workers becoming unemployed and also will make economic recession. When new ownership takeover the corporate then worker has working already and economic also will tardily become good. However, the larger corporate takeovers corporate better the corporate bankrupt and as such no need face unnecessary legal restriction.From the past studies, Letho and Lehtoranta (2004) st udy that M&A synergies can be realized by owing unique engine room and knowledge and then transferring these intangible assets to the target firm. The industrial organization (IO) literature states that both horizaontal and industry-diversifying acquisitions might affect R&D. When firms are active in the line of business, economies of shell in R&D input can be occurred because of M&As. Besides, value can created also by M&As from uniting complementary color know-how (Cassiman B, Colombo M, Garrone P, Veugelers R, 2003). Similarly, intangibles could matter in domestic as well as cross-border takeover (Kang and Johansson, 2000). The ratio of intangible assets (goodwill paid in earlier M&As has to be minus first) to total assets is used to stress these fancys.The financial synergies are realized by looking at the capital structure of potential acquirers. The idea is that when firms relying heavily on bank loans, it is risky to the firm and also acquirers will have less interest o n the firm. Therefore, firms that relying heavily on bank loans will quickly seek to reduce their overall risk and recognize a lower cost of capital by engaging in industry-diversifying and in cross-border M&As. Indeed, cost of capital can be minify when cash flows from target and bidders are not highly correlated. Besides, additional borrowing capacity post-M&A can be created and this is a good performance for a firm after M&A.If stock prices of a firm are down, the takeover of a firm can constitute a bargain relative to investing in new facilities in order to recover from scratch. Furthermore, the valuation of close targets is lower once stock market sentiment is down, through the use of a lower multiples or higher risk premium when valuing target stock. This under-valuation hypothesis suggests that stock prices and M&A decisions are negatively related. In contrast, semivowel stock prices can facilitate the financing of M&As in which they using bidder stock to pay for these dea ls. When firms consider that their stock to be over-valued, they tend to issue new shares (Shleifer and Vishny, 2003). There will be positive relationship between stock prices and external growth. However, the positive relationship may be difficult to observe when a sample is dominated by private enterprises. This is also because of those non-listed bidder stock is unwilling to be accredited by target investors. The average market-wide price earnings (P/E) ratio at the M&A announcement date is used to capture stock market conditions, given that private firms dominate the sample.2.3 Hypothesis schoolingThe first hypothesis comes from our own boldness to examine how does a company perform post-M&A compared to pre-M&A. The assumption is that a company could perform better in the form of ratios because their capital has increased due to increase in non current assets. If a company obtains another company through M&A, it is expected that they have certain amount of capital available t o expand their firm size therefore, there will be increase in capital in the form of ROE and ROA ratios once a firm is engaged in M&A activities.H = later M&A, there will be increase in ratios of ROE and ROAH=Before M&A, asset ROA and ROE are higherFrom previous study of (Moeller, Schlingemann & Stulz, 2004), it is known that they examined for the below hypothesis in their research. And this hypothesis will be tested in Malaysia context so that we will be able to measure the level of performance compared to the size of the firm.H=Small firm perform better after M&AH=Acquirers firm perform worse after M&A2.4 Model/FrameworkNegative relationship despotic RelationshipAs proposed, the relationship between pre-M&A is a negative relationship to the ratio. And it should be lower than post-M&A ratio as after M&A activities, the ratio should increase and higher.Positive relationshipNegative relationshipAs proposed, the larger firm will adapt less well after M&A compared to smaller firm.Chapt er 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Research DesignThe research will be carried out as an explanatory study. This study method is used for our research because this study will explain how M&A affects performance of a company. The design will be carried out by using pair sample T-Test interrogation the relationship of the variables of performance of the company and the pre and post M&A activities. The research will be carried out to test whether an M&A activity does increase the performance of a company or it does not accelerate the activity of the company. Archival research will be used thoroughly to understand the improvement or deterioration in the firms post-M&A compared to pre-M&A.3.2 Population, have and Sampling ProcedureFor our research for M&A companies in Malaysia, a census will be conducted as it is expected that there are only several hundreds of companies that have conducted M&A locally. The census data will be collected by using the Bursa Malaysia website via manual search a nd the usage of Osiris database. Therefore, the data will be collected through these 2 ways.3.3 Data Collection MethodAs it is said, the data to be used will be secondary data. Documentary secondary data will be collected and used throughout this research. The data will be consisted of written materials which are companies annual reports. The annual report will be compiled based on the activities that are involved by the respective companies with a view that M&A deals are conducted by the company within the years of investigation which scat from year 2001 to 2005.ReferencesRao, K.V., & Sanker, K.R. (1997). Takeover as a strategy of Turnaround. UTIedited book.Cosh, A., Hughes, A., Lee, K., & Singh, A. (1998). Takeovers, institutional investment and the persistence of meshing, in Begg, I. and Henry, S.G.B. (Eds), Applied Economics and Public Policy, incision of Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Agundu, P.C., & Karibo, N.O. (1999). Risk analysis in corporate mergers decisions in developing economies. ledger of Financial trouble and Analysis, 12(2), 13-17.Moeller, S.B., Schlingemann, F.P., & Stulz, R.M. (2004). Firm size and the gains from acquisitions. Journal of Financial Economics, 73, 201-28.Pilloff, S.J. (1996). transaction changes and stockholder wealth creation associated with mergers of publicly traded banking institutions. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 28, 294-310.Bris, A., Brisley, N., & Cabolis, C. (2008). Adopting better corporate governance shew from cross-border mergers. Journal of Corporate Finance, 14, 224-240.Breinlich, H. (2008). Trade liberalization and industrial restructuring through mergers and acquisitions. Journal of International Economics, 76, 254266.Kumar, S., & Bansal, L.K.(2008). The impact of mergers and acquisitions on corporate performance in India. Management Decision, 46 (10), 1531-1543.Hassan, M., Patro, D.K., Tuckman, H., & Wang, X.L. (2007). Do mergers and acquisitions create shareholder w ealth in the pharmaceutical industry? International Journal of pharmaceutic and Healthcare Marketing, 1 (1), 58-78.